{"schemaVersion":1,"recordType":"legal-article","id":"law:eri:code:penal:2015:article:145","workId":"law:eri:code:penal:2015","expressionId":"law:eri:code:penal:2015:en","title":"Breach of Confidence","number":"145","language":"en","canonicalUrl":"https://eriatlas.com/law/penal-code-2015/article/145/","hierarchy":{"part":"PART II — THE SPECIAL PART","book":"BOOK II — OFFENCES AGAINST THE INTERESTS OF THE STATE","title":null,"chapter":"Chapter 5. — Offences Violating Official Duties"},"paragraphs":[{"id":"p1","number":"1","text":"A medical professional, attorney, clergyman, or any other person who has a duty to keep information secret because of one's profession or under any provision of law, who discloses a secret that has come to one's knowledge in the course of one's professional duties,","canonicalUrl":"https://eriatlas.com/law/penal-code-2015/article/145/#p1","sourceTargets":[{"sourceId":"penal-code-2015-en","pdfPage":131,"url":"https://eriatlas.com/sources/penal-code-2015/page/131/?article=145&paragraph=p1#article-145-p1"},{"sourceId":"penal-code-2015-en","pdfPage":132,"url":"https://eriatlas.com/sources/penal-code-2015/page/132/?article=145&paragraph=p1#article-145-p1"}]},{"id":"p1-tail","number":"","parentId":"p1","text":"is guilty of breach of confidence, a Class 9 serious offence, punishable with a definite term of imprisonment of not less than 1 year and not more than 3 years.","canonicalUrl":"https://eriatlas.com/law/penal-code-2015/article/145/#p1-tail","sourceTargets":[{"sourceId":"penal-code-2015-en","pdfPage":132,"url":"https://eriatlas.com/sources/penal-code-2015/page/132/?article=145&paragraph=p1-tail#article-145-p1-tail"}]},{"id":"p2","number":"2","text":"It shall not be a defense that the offender is no longer employed in the position or engaged in the activity that gave rise to the duty of confidentiality or secrecy.","canonicalUrl":"https://eriatlas.com/law/penal-code-2015/article/145/#p2","sourceTargets":[{"sourceId":"penal-code-2015-en","pdfPage":132,"url":"https://eriatlas.com/sources/penal-code-2015/page/132/?article=145&paragraph=p2#article-145-p2"}]},{"id":"p3","number":"3","text":"No person shall be found guilty where:","canonicalUrl":"https://eriatlas.com/law/penal-code-2015/article/145/#p3","sourceTargets":[{"sourceId":"penal-code-2015-en","pdfPage":132,"url":"https://eriatlas.com/sources/penal-code-2015/page/132/?article=145&paragraph=p3#article-145-p3"}]},{"id":"p3a","number":"a","parentId":"p3","text":"the information became public by means not attributable to the offender before the offender revealed the secret or confidential information;","canonicalUrl":"https://eriatlas.com/law/penal-code-2015/article/145/#p3a","sourceTargets":[{"sourceId":"penal-code-2015-en","pdfPage":132,"url":"https://eriatlas.com/sources/penal-code-2015/page/132/?article=145&paragraph=p3a#article-145-p3a"}]},{"id":"p3b","number":"b","parentId":"p3","text":"the information was revealed pursuant to a law or an order of a Court of law or other competent authority; or","canonicalUrl":"https://eriatlas.com/law/penal-code-2015/article/145/#p3b","sourceTargets":[{"sourceId":"penal-code-2015-en","pdfPage":132,"url":"https://eriatlas.com/sources/penal-code-2015/page/132/?article=145&paragraph=p3b#article-145-p3b"}]},{"id":"p3c","number":"c","parentId":"p3","text":"the person or authority for whom the information is being kept confidential or secret has expressly authorized the disclosure.","canonicalUrl":"https://eriatlas.com/law/penal-code-2015/article/145/#p3c","sourceTargets":[{"sourceId":"penal-code-2015-en","pdfPage":132,"url":"https://eriatlas.com/sources/penal-code-2015/page/132/?article=145&paragraph=p3c#article-145-p3c"}]}],"caution":"English-language 2015 Ministry of Justice edition. Refworld catalogues this English expression as an unofficial translation; Eri Atlas has not independently verified the translation."}